Word Formation Processes and a Technique in Understanding

This article describes word formation processes and a technique in understanding Waria Slang Tulungagung. This study was done through a survey to warias in Ngunut and Tulungagung surroundings, a small district in East JavaIndonesia, in order to get underlying basis of processes of word formation in waria or Bences variety which are influential toward their language style and their behavior. The instrumentinterview &documentation were developed in accordance to get the word formation processes and slang words used by Waria. The study reveals that processes of word formation and technique understanding slang words used by Waria Tulungagung are divided into eleven processes i.e. Derivation, Multiple Process, Acronym, Borrowing, Blending, Reduplication, Synonym, Coinage, Irregular Form, Echoism, Changing of Syllable Vowel and the technique of understanding Waria sentences by removing some suffixes. Finally, the results of this study offers language phenomena arises because of some reasons which are mainly useful for those conducting communication among waria members smoothly, transgender identity and those who are concerned in investigating slang words used by waria or other varieties as well as suggestions for future research.


INTRODUCTION
As we know that each country has a mother language.It is spoken in all parts of the country.However, in each region; each community of society, there must be a special language which only can be understood by the residents of that region or by the members of that community.In Indonesia, there are many varieties of languages.
Almost each region has a special language.It is a part of culture in indonesia.Not only each region, but also each community of society that may be exists in same region has a particular language.For example, a special language used by alay community or called bahasa alay; bahasa gaul; bahasa Waria or bencong and others.Waria are the members of a particular community who use that language in conducting conversation with other members; and for us who never gather with them, it could be very hard to understand what they are saying about.
Each community has an identic language which is unique, creative, only used among their members.The community of waria (bences) or in English called transvertite community also have Waria language.Mainly, they modify the words in bahasa Indonesia into bahasa bencong that heard weirdly; and sometimes totally different from the root itself, for example: "Hinelino, tweecongers.Apipon kabaret?Sutra lamongan yes akikuk tinta iksiis.Pastinja yey kangenband, yes?" (Adi, 2011).The meaning of every utterances of Waria slang seem full of password.In fact, that is the why they are.To find out the meaning of Waria slang as if the readers disclose password.Then, it is needed a key to disclose the box of password.The key which is used to disclose the password actually in the lexicalization pattern of Warias' utterances.
The above-mentioned phenomena becomes an important underlying consideration for any linguist to observe and report that such linguistic phenomena-which happens in certain community or Waria dealing with expressing their identity.The processes of word formation have certain unique pattern.As unique and complicated enough pattern should be observed deeply in order to know how those unique pattern are derived from of procesess.Accordingly, it is significant to conduct a study on the procesess of word formation in Waria slang from the lexical knowledge.The focus of the study was on finding out the answer of a question-what procesess of word formation Waria (Transvertite) Slang are and what technique is used in understanding waria slangs sentences.

REVIEWING LITERATURE REVIEW
In this study the most comprehensive definition of word formation procesess that speakers of a language use regulary (and unconsciously too) to create new words in their language are presented (Yousefi, 2009:1).It means that word formation procesess are some procesess which created and used by the the speakers (language community) unconsciously and regularly.It is futher stated that process of word formation is a process of word formation in which a new word an existing word (Encarta,2006).Yule (1995: 51) classifies some words formations as follows: 1) Coinage: one of the least common processes of word formation in English is coinage, that is the invention of totally new terms.Familiar recent examples are Kleenex, Nylon and Xerox, which also began as invented trade names and which have quickly become everyday words in the language.
2) Borrowing: one is the most common sources of new words in English is the process simply labeled borrowing, that is, taking over of words from other language.Throughout its history, the English language has adopted a vast number of loan words from other languages, including alcohol (Arab), boss (Dutch) etc.Other languages, of course, borrow terms from English, as can be observed in Japanesse use of rajio (radio).Yule also suggests that,"borrowing is the taking over of words from other language".It was stated futher by Fromkin and Rodman that borrowing as the process by which one language or dialect takes and incorporates some linguistics element from another.Most language is borrowed.Every language usually consists of native words and nonnative words.Finally it is called "loan word", which is borrowed from other language".A borrowing word or phrase is which has been borrowed by one language from another.A special type of borrowing is decribed as loan word', which is borrowed from other.
A borrowing word or phrase is which has been borrowed by one language from another.A special type of borrowing is described as loan translation.In this process, there is a direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language.
3) Compounding: In some of those examples we have just considered, there is a joining of two or more separate words to produce a single form.This combining process, technically known as compunding is very common in languages such as bookcase, fingerprint, waterfall, long-haired and wallpaper.As forgoing examples show, compounds may be written as one word, as a hypenated word, or as two words.
4) Blending: This combining of two separate forms to produce a single new term is also present in the process called blending.However,blending is typically accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word.Blending is the fusion of two words into one, usually the first part of one word with the past part of another, as gasohol from gasoline and alcohol.Some other commonly use examples of blending are brunch (breakfast and lunch), motel (motor and hotel) and smog (smoke and fog).
5) Clipping:The element of reduction which is noticeable in blending is even more apparent in the process described as clipping.This occurs when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form, often in casual speech.Clipping means cutting off the beginning or the end of a word or both, leaving a part to stand for the whole.For examples: laboratory becomes lab, gymnastic becomes gym, examination becomes exam, and influenza becomes flu.
6) Backformation: A very specialized type of reduction process is known as backformation.Typically, a word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form another word of a different type ( usually a verb).A good example of backformation is the process whereby the noun television first came into use and then thye the verb televise was created from it.Other examples are edit (from editor), donate (from donation), opt(from option), revise (from revison), differ (from difference).

7) Conversion:
A change in the function of a word, as for example, when (1) a noun comes to be used as verb (without any reduction); is generally known as conversion.For example is paper become to paper (paper this room), shape becomes to shape (shape the dough into a ball!),water becomes to water (mother is watering the flowers in the garden); (2)Adjective into verb: dirty becomes to dirty (dirty his car!), empty this room!, Up this book, please!' Dry your clothes when the sun shines, Imports totaled 5 million last year.
8) Acronym: Some new words are formed from the initial letters of a set of other words.Acronyms is the process whereby a word is formed from the initials or beginning segments of succession of words.These acronyms often consist of capital letters as MP (military Police or Member of Parliament),UNESCO (United Nation Education Scientific and Cultural Organization), radar (radio detecting and ranging).9) Derivation is the forming of new words by combining derivational affixes or bound bases with existing words.Derivation is achieved by adding affixes; there are prefix,suffix,and infix.In the preceding group of words, it should be obvious that some affixes have to be added to the beginning of a word, this is called prefixes.Prefix is a linguistic element that is not an indepent word but is attached to the beginning of a word to modify its meaning.For example,"un-" is a prefix meaning"not" (Encarta Dictionary, 2006).The other affix forms are added to the end of the word is called suffixes.Suffix is a letter or group of letters added at the end of a word or word part to form another word, e.g."-ly" in "quickly" or "ing" in taking" (Encarta Dictionary,2006).There is a third type of affix, notnormally to be found in English but fairly common in some other languages.This is called an infix and as the term suggests, it is an inffix which is incorporated inside another word.Infix is inserting a linking element into a word.In other word halleybloodyleujah" the word "bloody" is infix, and the word "acidophilus," the letter "o" is an inffix (Encarta Dictionary, 2006).10) Echoism: It is the formation of words which sound suggests their meaning, like hiss and peewee.The meaning is usually a sound, either natural like the roar of a waterfall or artificial like the clang of a bell but the meaning may also be the reature that produces the sound like bobwhite.Examples: moan, click,murmur,quack,thunder,whisper lisp,chickadee,bobolink.In literary study it is called onomatopoeia.Echoism is a process by which the sound of a vowel changes to imitate the sound of a preceding vowel (Encarta,2006).
11) Multiple Process: It is a compounding from snow (noun) + ball (noun), and it is also included in the process of conversion because the word "snowball" can be both noun and verb.Car Phone ~ it is a compound word from Car (noun) +phone (noun), and it is included in the process of clipping in which in which the word "telephone" is shortened into "phone".
12) Reduplication: Reduplication is the process of forming a new word by doubling a morpheme,usually with a change of vowel or initial consonant, as in tiptop,pooh-pooh,hanky-panky.Reduplication is repeating a vowel, syllable, or word in order to create a new linguistic element or word such as as "whishy-washy´or handy-talkie, or goody-goody" Pretty-pretty (prettiness that goes over the top), Preachy-preachy~boringly moralizing, Encarta Dictionary, 2006).

Loss of Phonemes
The

Assimilation
It describes how sounds modify each other when they meet, usually across word boundaries, but within words too, e.g. the words that and book (Kelly, 2000: 109).

Anticipatory Assimilation
It happened where one sound changes to another because of the sound which follows.Here are some rules included here: 1.

Dissimilation
A process quite opposite to assimilation, as the name itself indicates.With this stage, two phonemes form two different morphemes, most often the last of prefix and the first of the root are dissimilated in such a way that they are no longer the same phoneme, but the first one is changed into a different one.The reason for that is easier morpheme identification.The difference may be in the place of articulation, or another sound quality.This is not frequently present change (Javanovic, 2016), for example:

Synthesis
Synthesis is a consonant change commonly occurs in modern English.It is the fusion of consonants, brought together by morpheme combination, into a single new phoneme different from both of its constituents.The new phoneme must be considered to belong to both the allomorphs whose junction-point it represents.Example: /məN + potoŋ/ becomes /məmotoŋ/ 'cut' ([p] and [m] are both pronounced with the lips) /məN + tulis/ becomes /mənulis/ 'write' ([t] and [n] are both pronounced with the tip of the tongue) /məN + kira/ becomes /məŋira/ 'guess' ([k] and [ŋ] are both pronounced at the back of the tongue)

Change of Syllabic Vowel or Diphthong
There is a type of morphophonemic change which is very prevalent in English.That is the substitution to another syllabic vowel or diphthong for the one which appears in the normal allomorph.

Suppletion
Suppletion happens when an allomorph fits into a paradigm with another allomorph; the two belong to the same morpheme even though they may be phonemically completely different.
Total modification is included here not as a regular process but in the spirit of exhausting the logical possibilities.Its occurrence is by its nature sporadic and idiosyncratic within inflectional categories established by regular processes, as for example the English past inflection, where it is the regular ablaut and -ed past tense forms that establish the category in which suppletive went occurs as an isolated example: -

Gradation
As previously discussed, the process of derivation involves stress shift usually also involves certain types of vowel change.In this case, the other vowels and diphthongs tend to be replaced by /i/, /i/, or /ə/ when the stress shifts happens to another syllable, and vice versa.This kind of vowel change resulting from shift of stress happens is called gradation.Example: 1) Courage Courageous, 2) Industry Industrial, 3) Parent  Parental, and 4) Symbol Symbolic.Fromkin and Rodman (1978: 282) suggest," slang may not be used in formal papers or situations but it is widely used in speech".They also state that one linguist has defined slang as "one of those things that everybody can recognize and nobody can define".The use of slang or colloquial language, introduces many new words into the language by recombining old words into new meaning.Rodman (in Encarta 2006) states that slang is informal, non standard words and phrases, generally shorter lived than the expressions of ordinary colloquial speech, and typically formed by creative.The special in group speech of young people and of members of distinct ethnic groups is generally called slang, especially when it is understood by outsiders.Slang word is kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages terms for added raciness, humor, inverence or other effect (American Heritage Dictionary, 1997).Slang is highly informal language that is outside of conventional or standard usage and consists of both words and phrases and of new or extended meanings attached to established terms, slang develops from the attempt to find fresh and vigorous, colorful, pungent or humorous expression, and generally either passes into disuse or comes to have or more formal in status (Simon &Schuster, 1970).
Slang is one of those things (words) that everybody can recognize and nobody can define what the word exactly is if one does not belong to the community who uses the slang words (Robert, 1985: 51).Slang can be as informal or nonstandard language that is used to communicate by certain community in certain situation such as in informal and friendly situation (Susanto & Afit, 2010).The language they use is influenced by their profession, community, age, hobby, social position, etc. Slang often suggests that the person utilizing the words or phrases is familiar with the hearer group or subgroup and it can be considered as distinguishing factor in group identity.An expression is supposed to be slang, it must be widely accepted and adopted by the member of subculture of group.Slang has no society boundaries or limitations as it can exist in all cultures and classes of society as well as in all languages.
Waria, transgender or transvertite (banci, bences, waria) is the term used to describe a person who dresses in the clothing of the opposite sex.Generally, transvestites do not wish to alter their body and do not necessarily experience gender dysphoria.In much of the literature these two terms are used interchangeably.They refer to people who enjoy wearing the clothes associated with people of the opposite sex for short periods of time.Some may do this because they identify with the opposite sex and therefore may decide to adopt an identity of that gender.Others may cross-dress for enjoyment but remain happy within their natal sex.They are often heterosexual (Docter and Prince, 1997).
Waria is a man who dresses up and behaves like woman.The term transvertite or waria is given to a person who had transsexual problems.That is a person whose physical is different from his soul (Atmojo, 1986).Moeliono (2008) states that waria is a man who has character and behaves like a woman; a group of men have feelings as a woman.Waria is part of a group of people who have their own community.

RESEARCH METHOD
This study which is aimed at describing at the words used by waria and on what kinds of word formation were constructed by Waria in Tulungagung through conducting observation and an interview toward warias, Ngunut Tulungagung-Indonesia.The respondents ranging from the 20 up to 47 year warias were randomly selected.The instruments used to get the data in this study are interview and observation.Ary et.al (2002:430) state that "observation is the most basic method for obtaining data in qualitative research.The most common method of recording the data collected during observation is field notes".The data were taken when the warias performed as sinden in wedding parties.The warias also earn money by selling Pecel Rice.The first meeting, waria got performed as sinden, after they performed sinden,the researcher observes how they communicate each other by recording and taking notes all their utterances.There were several performances of being Sinden in wedding parties.Instead of observing and taking field notes, there were also several meetings warias in informal situation such as in their houses and warung/stalls where they sell Nasi Pecel.During the observation, all the slang words were recorded and taken notes.They (2002:434) futher mention that interview is used to gather data on subjects's opinion, belief and feelings about the situation in their own words.Interviews provide information that cannot be obtained through observation.It was conducted informal interview with informants in some days, the purpose is to know the language they used in informal situation, define the meaning of the words contextually and describe the processes of word formation.
The warias' utterances used in various activities are analyzed by using descriptive qualitative research.According to Ary,et al (2002:442), content or document analysis is a research method applied to written or visual materials for the purposes of identifying specified characteristics.

FINDING AND DISCUSSION
The findings of this study show the list of slang words and processes of word It can be said that the word " Diana" is derived from the stem "Dia" and added suffix "na" and it results "Diana".It is a name of woman.In this case, Waria slang plays and creates the word ortographically.
Instead of derivation, there are some other processes in Waria slang.Those are as follows:

2) Borrowing and Clipping
It borrows from other language, cuts or clips the final part of the word.It comes gather the initial part.

Perempuan Woman
The term "Pere" process 'borrowing' from the word "perempuan" (Indonesian) and then 'clipping' that borrowed form.Combining of two processes creates a particular word.

3) Clipping and Derivation (prefix "si")
Derivation is the formation of a new word or inflexible stem from another word or stem.It typically occurs by adding prefix "si".Losing and derivation: loss some particular letters from a word and then add with a prefix.Waria slang formulates those terms by clipping the final letters; adding with prefix"si".The derivation of "Siban" word is derived from the stem "banci", Sigan is derived from the stem "ganteng", Siben is derived from the stem "Bento"and etc. Waria create those words to make the special terms for their own community.

4) Borrowing + Inserting + Addition
No The fourth multi process of waria slang conducts borrowing, inserting and addition.It borrows the term, inserts the infix (cama) and adds the suffix (ca) in the word " Cari" then it creates "Cacamarica".It also happens to Hima Layang, this word is created by borrowing the word Himalaya but it is inserted the infix/ma+la and consonant/y/ for the word "hilang".Finally the word "merekah", it borrows Indonesian term, inserts infix/e/+ /re/ and adds consonant /k/.It creates "Merekah."

Acronym
Acronym is the forming of new word using the initial or final letter of word .Waria slang not only borrows some words/terms from Indonesian, Javanese but also borrows from English.Waria usually use those English, Javanese and Indonesian terms in their communication but they change the meaning of those words.In other words, Waria slang has different meaning.

Reduplication
Reduplication is a process of reduplicating either partial (partial reduplication) or entire (total reduplication) grammatical unity.Waria slang has total reduplication.It is a process of reduplicating entire grammatical unity.

2) Partial Reduplication
No Based on the table above it can be said that Waria slang also creates the coinage words which are derived from the brand of electronic products (Panasonic-Panas, Motorola-Motor), sex safety (Sutra-Sudah), cosmetics (Rexona-Rokok), medicine (Panadol-Panas), Pesticide brand.Waria slang uses baygon brand and changes the meaning (baygon-baik).
4.2.9Irregular Form of Waria (Whatsoever Pattern) These words are not found in a particular language and it is process of new word formation of waria slang.These following forms created by waria community to make other communities do not understand with their utterances.Based on the sentences above, warias utter their ideas in conducting communication using those sentences above.They use it in daily life to conduct communication.In order to understand the meaning of their sentences, it is better to apply the removing some suffixes in order to find the stem of those words.
In addition to the above mention processes, most of the word formation processes of Waria slang was categorized into multiple process, borrowing, reduplication, irregular form, changing of vowel syllabic.A few words of Waria Tulungagung are categorized into Derivation, Acronym, Blending, Echoism.Most of the words of Waria Tulungagung can not be stated that Waria Slang has a fix pattern.The processes of word formation of Waria slang are created spontaneously and naturally without any formulas.However most of the processes of word formation of waria slang are categorized into morphological process.This means that waria slang prefer having the morphological processes which include Acronym; Blending; Borrowing: Reduplication; Synonym; Coinage; Irregular Form; Echoism; instead of changing of vowel syllabic as in line with Susanto and Afit (2010) who found that Waria jargon Malang have no certain pattern to create words.Some of waria's jargon in Malang is derived from borrowing from Indonesian, Javanese and also English; blending words, derivation by adding suffixes'-se','-se','ong','-ang','na',or'-rena';echoism, reduplication,synonym words, irregular words.However Waria slang in Trenggalek create derivation word, abbreviations and acronyms (Sundari,2007).Further research reveals that the slang words employed by Gay community in Malang tends to simple words or phrases, derivation, coinage, Symbols and Gestures, Irregular Forms (Farid,2012).
More importantly, other studies report that Waria slang in Pontianak use the words to show their identity and hopefully they could be accepted by Pontianak society (Fazly, 2013).Other study discusses about morphological and morphophonemic process of Alay variation and reveals that morphological processes including affixation e.g.internal change, infixation, and core vowel change; non affixation e.g.borrowing, coinage, clipping, acronym, multiple process, reduplication and combination text and morphophonemic process e.g.loss of phoneme, addition of phoneme, simple consonant change (Nurhayati,2015).

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
This study has revealed a two folded concept that firstly Waria Slang in Tulungagung has ten word formation processes including Derivation-suffix/na/; Multi Process; Acronym; Blending; Borrowing: Reduplication; Synonym; Coinage; Irregular Form; Echoism, Changing of Vowel Syllabic.This supports Siregar (2010) who found that Waria language was created by that community and related to Bahasa Indonesia (new gloss construction which construct meaning and based on semantic description, it also has synonymy, antonym, polysemy and meaning changing relation.Secondly, a technique of understanding the meaning of their sentences could be applied by the removing some suffixes in order to find the stem of those words.
Indeed, in addition to learn about Waria slang as a sociolinguistic phenomenon, the result of this study sheds a light on how are the word formation processes created in Waria slang and what technique is used to understand Waria slang sentences.Eventhough they are a minor community but they express their mind to conduct communication among their members by creating and modifying any borrowing words, it could be borrowed from Indonesia, Javanese, English.Accordingly, it is suggested that to be sensitive with sociolinguistic phenomena, it is better to observe the social context which happens in the environment.Moreover, the linguists conducting a sociolinguistic research should encourage conducting more and deeper observation to the social or sociolinguistic phenomena.Since this study only focuses on Waria Slang in Tulungagung with a relatively small number of informants, further researcher is suggested to conduct a study with bigger number of informants selected from various areas to get more comprehensible data or slang, jargon of waria used and created by them.
Stress ShiftStress shift is a change of a stress occurring in the syllables of newly formed word due to the addition of an affix to a word in English.The stress shift is commonly accompanied by vowel change.But there are some cases, without the accompanying of vowel change, as given in the following example:

The Process of Word Formation 4.2.1 Derivation Suffix-na
formation in Waria slang are divided into 11 procesess i.e.Derivation, Multiple Process, Acronym, Synonym,Borrowing, Blending, Reduplication,Coinage, Echoism, Irregular Forms, Changing Vowel Syllabic: Waria slang also has synonym terms.Those words have the same meaning but they represent different meaning.They use the name of city, the name of people, animal, the name of electronic products.Most of those words do not have special pattern.